The Heading Of The Function Is Also Called The ____. – Credits go to © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. It may not be copied, scanned or reproduced, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted by the license distributed with a particular product or service, or in any other way on a password-protected website for classroom use. C++ Programming: Designing Programs, Including Data Structures, Second Edition
2 Objectives In this chapter, you will: Learn about standard (predefined) functions and find out how to use them in a program. Learn more about user-defined functions Explore functions that return a value, including actual and formal parameters Learn more about function prototypes. Construct and use a user-defined function in a program Find out the difference between value parameters and reference parameters. Explore reference parameters and return value functions Learn about identifier scope Explore the difference between local and global identifiers Discover static variables Learn how to program for debugging using device drivers and widgets. Learn function overloading. Explore functions with default parameters
The Heading Of The Function Is Also Called The ____.
Functions Every C++ program must have a function called main() Program execution always begins with the main function All other functions are subroutines and must be called
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They allow complex programs to be broken down into manageable parts Several additional benefits of functions: A programmer can focus on just that part of the program and build, debug, and refine it. Different people can work on different functions at the same time Can be used in more than one place in a program or in different programs Can be reused Improve program readability
Predefined functions In algebra, a function is defined as a rule or a match between values called the arguments of the function and the unique value of the function associated with the arguments. If f(x) = 2x + 5 then f(1) = 7, f(2) = 9 and f(3) = 11 1, 2 and 3 are arguments 7, 9 and 11 are the corresponding values
Some of the predefined math functions are: sqrt(x) pow(x, y) floor(x) The predefined functions are organized in separate libraries I/O functions are in the iostream header Math functions are in the cmath header
Pow(x, y) calculates xy, pow(2, 3) = 8.0 pow returns a value of type double x and y are called parameters (or arguments) of the pow function The pow function has two parameters
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The sqrt(x) square root function calculates the non-negative square root of x, for x >= 0.0 sqrt(2.25) is a 1.5 type double and has only one parameter
The function floor floor(x) calculates the largest integer not greater than x floor(48.79) is 48.0 type double and has only one parameter
#include int square ( int ); // prototypes – promise full definition later, // specify function name and data types int Cube ( int ); using namespace std; int main () 15
// header and body int square ( int n ) // returns int int Cube ( int n ) // returns int return n * n * n;
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The syntax is: functionType functionName (formal parameter list) functionType: The type of value returned by the function is also called a data type. The syntax of the formal parameter list is: dataType identifier, dataType identifier, … or can be empty
List of formal parameters Figure 6-1 Different parts of the abs function Syntax for calling the abs function (-5)
Void functions: have no data type return value functions: have data type functionType functionName (formal parameter list) To use these functions, you must: include the correct header file know the name of the function know the number of parameters, if any know the data type of each Parameter Knowing the data type of the value calculated by the function called the type of the function Code needed to perform the task (the body of the function)
Because the value returned by a return value function is unique, we must: store the value for further calculation use the value in some calculation print the value so that the return value function is used accordingly: in an assignment statement, a parameter in a function call, or in an expression in an output statement
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Properties that make up the function definition: Function name Number of parameters Data type for each parameter Function type Code needed to perform the task (function body) functionType functionName (formal parameter list)
FunctionType functionName(formal parameter list) Function name Number of parameters Data type for each parameter Function type Header: the first 4 properties above Formal parameter: variable declared in the header Actual parameter: variable or expression specified in the call to the function
Functions The formal parameter list may be empty If the formal parameter list is empty parentheses are still needed. The function header of a function that returns a value takes one of the following forms: functionType functionName() functionType functionName(void) When calling the function, the actual parameter is empty. : functionName()
To call a function that returns a value: use its name with the actual parameters (if any) in parentheses. There is a one-to-one match between the actual and formal parameters The order of the actual and formal parameters must be the same
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Calling a function in a program causes the body of the called function to be executed. The return value function is used: in the expression. The expression can be part of an assignment statement or an output statement as a parameter in a function call
Return statement After the function calculates the value, the function returns the value using a return statement. The syntax of the return statement is: return expr; // or return variable; When a return statement is executed, the function ends immediately. Control is returned to the caller. When a return statement is executed in the main function, the program ends.
29 The operator return int secret(int x) A correct definition of the secret function is: if (x > 5) //Line 1 return 2 * x; //line 2 return x; //line 3
Return Statement The return statement returns only one value. If the return statement contains > expression 1, what value is returned? return expression1, expression2, variable; or return expr1, expr2, expr3; The last – expr3
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Return x, y; //only the value of y will be returned int funcRet1() int funcRet2(int z) int a = 2; int b = 3; return 2 * a + b, z + b; //Only the value of z + b = z + 3 is returned
Formal parameters are optional in void functions. Calling a void function is an independent statement to define the function of void functions with parameters has the following syntax: return statement is valid only in the main block of void functions causes control to leave the function and immediately returns to the calling block: leaves all the following statements in the function body unimplemented
Function call syntax The function call syntax is: The syntax for the actual parameter list is: expression or variable, expression or variable, …
Call Function Syntax functionName (actual parameter list) The argument list is a way for functions to communicate with each other by passing information. The argument list can contain 0, 1, or more comma-separated arguments, depending on the function.
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What’s in the prototype? The prototype looks like a title, but must end with a semicolon; And its parameter list only needs to contain the type of each parameter. int Cube( int ); // Prototype
The syntax is: it is not necessary to specify the variable name in the list of parameters, the data type of each parameter must be specified
Flow of Execution Execution always begins with the first statement in the main() function regardless of where main is in the program. Other functions are executed only when they are called
Function prototypes appear before each function definition the compiler translates them first the compiler can correctly translate a function call by knowing the title of the function remembers that the compiler compiles the program sequentially from start to finish
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A function call statement causes control to be transferred to the first statement in the body of the called function. After the last statement of the called function is executed, control is transferred back to the point immediately after the function is called.
A function that returns a value returns a value after the function is executed. The value that the function returns replaces the call function statement.
Using namespace std; char courseGrade(int score); // prototype int main() char courseGrade(int score) switch (grade / 10) case 0: case 1: case 2: case 3: case 4: case 5: return ‘F’; case 6: return ‘D’; case 7: return ‘C’; case 8: return ‘B’; case 9: case 10: return ‘A’;
42 Programming example In this example, the greater function is used to determine the largest number in a set of numbers The program determines the largest number in a set of 10 numbers Input: a set of 10 numbers Output: the largest of 10 numbers
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Read the first number from the dataset since it’s the only number read so far, you can assume it’s the largest number so far and call it max Read the second number and call it
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